ASTM A178 Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes ASTM A178電阻焊接碳鋼和碳錳鋼鍋爐和過熱器管標準規範

ASTM A178/A178M specification covers standards for electric-resistance-welded tubes with minimum-wall-thickness made of carbon steel and carbon-manganese steel to be used in boiler tubes, boiler flues, superheater flues, and safe ends. The steel shall be of Grades A (low-carbon steel), C (medium-carbon steel), or D (carbon-manganese steel). All tubes shall be submitted to heat treatment after welding, followed by cooling. The steel shall conform to stated compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulphur, and silicon. Grades C and D shall conform to given tensile requirements, that is tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. The material shall also be subjected to flattening, flange, tension, reverse flattening, and hydrostatic (or nondestructive electric) tests. Crush test shall also be performed if asked by the purchaser. Minimum elongation values are also given.

ASTM A178/A178M規範涵蓋了用於鍋爐管、鍋爐流、過熱器流和安全端的最小壁厚碳鋼和碳錳鋼電阻焊管的標準。鋼材應為A級（低碳鋼）、C級（中碳鋼）或D級（碳錳鋼）。所有管子應在焊接後進行熱處理，然後冷卻。鋼應符合規定的碳、錳、磷、硫和矽的成分。C級和D級應符合給定的抗拉要求，即抗拉強度、屈服強度和伸長率。材料還應接受平整、法蘭、張力、反向平整和靜水壓（或無損電）試驗。如果買方要求，也應進行壓碎試驗。還給出了最小伸長率值。

What Is ASTM A178 / ASME SA178 Tubing?

什麽是ASTM A178/ASME SA178卡套管？

ASTM A178 tubing is carbon steel and carbon manganese ERW tubing used in boilers, boiler flues, super heaters, ASTM A178 is available in A178 Grade A (low carbon steel), A178 Grade C (medium carbon steel), and A178 Grade D (carbon manganese steel). The ASTM A178 Specifications are listed below with the Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties.

ASTM A178管材是用於鍋爐、鍋爐流、過熱器的碳鋼和碳錳ERW管材，ASTM A178有A178 A級（低碳鋼）、A178 C級（中碳鋼）和A178 D級（碳錳鋼）。ASTM A178規範以及化學成分和機械性能如下。

Scope範圍

1. 1. This specification2 covers minimum-wall-thickness, electric-resistance-welded tubes made of carbon steel and carbon-manganese steel intended for use as boiler tubes, boiler flues, superheater flues, and safe ends.

1.1本規範涵蓋了用作鍋爐管、鍋爐流、過熱器流和安全端的碳鋼和碳錳鋼製成的電阻焊接管的最小壁厚。

1. 2. This specification covers Grades A, C, and D with differing chemical requirements (Section 6 and Table 1), differing tensile requirements (Section 9 and Table 2), and differing crush and mechanical testing requirements (Sections 10 and 11).

1.2本規範涵蓋了具有不同化學要求（第6節和表1）、不同拉伸要求（第9節和表2）以及不同壓碎和機械測試要求（第10節和第11節）的A級、C級和D級。

NOTE 1: Grades C and D tubes are not suitable for safe-ending for forge welding. 注1：C級和D級管不適合鍛造焊接的安全端接。

1. 3. The tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished to this specification are 1/2 to 5 in. [12.7 to 127 mm] in outside diameter and 0.035 to 0.360 in. [0.9 to 9.1 mm], inclusive, in minimum wall thickness. Tubing having other dimensions may be furnished, provided such tubes comply with all other requirements of this specification.

1.3本規範中通常提供的管材尺寸和厚度為外徑1/2至5英寸[12.7至127毫米]，最小壁厚0.035至0.360英寸[0.9至9.1毫米]。可以提供具有其他尺寸的管子，前提是這些管子符合本規範的所有其他要求。

1. 4. Mechanical property requirements do not apply to tubing smaller than 1/8 in. [3.2 mm] in inside diameter or 0.015 in. [0.4 mm] in thickness.

1.4機械性能要求不適用於內徑小於1/8英寸[3.2毫米]或厚度小於0.015英寸[0.4毫米]的管子。

1. 5. Optional supplementary requirements are provided and when desired, shall be so stated in the order. 1.5提供了可選的補充要求，如有需要，應在訂單中注明。
   6. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.

1.6 以英寸-磅單位或國際單位表示的值應單獨視為標準值。在文本中，國際單位製顯示在括號中。每個係統中所述的值不是完全等效的；因此，每個係統都必須獨立使用。將兩個係統的值結合起來可能會導致不符合規範。除非訂單中指定了本規範的“M”名稱，否則應采用英寸-磅單位。

1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

1.7本國際標準是根據世界貿易組織技術性貿易壁壘委員會發布的《關於製定國際標準、指南和建議的原則的決定》中確立的國際公認的標準化原則製定的。

Different name不同名稱

Condenser steel tube,heat-exchanger tube,low carbon steel pipe,Resistance welded steel tube ,Bolier flues,Spoerheater flues and safe ends,ERW carbon steel pipes.

冷凝器鋼管、換熱器管、低碳鋼管、電阻焊接鋼管、Bolier流量、噴水器流量和安全端、ERW碳鋼管。

Chemical Composition of ASTM A178  ASTM A178的化學成分

Product Analysis草莓视频下载免费分析

1. When requested on the purchase order, a product analy- sis shall be made by the manufacturer or supplier from one tube per 100 pieces for sizes over 3 in. [76.2 mm] and one tube per 250 pieces for sizes 3 in. [76.2 mm] and under; or when tubes are identified by heat, one tube per heat shall be analyzed. The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified.

1.當采購訂單上有要求時，製造商或供應商應進行草莓视频下载免费分析，對於尺寸超過3英寸[76.2毫米]的每100件草莓视频下载免费，以及對於尺寸為3英寸[76.2毫米]及以下的每250件草莓视频下载免费，應進行一次分析；或者，當通過熱量識別管子時，應對每爐一根管子進行分析。由此確定的化學成分應符合規定的要求。

2. If the original test for product analysis fails, retests of two additional lengths of flat-rolled stock or tubes shall be made. Both retests, for the elements in question, shall meet the requirements of the specification; otherwise all remaining material in the heat or lot (Note 2) shall be rejected or, at the option of the producer, each length of flat-rolled stock or tube may be individually tested for acceptance. Lengths of flat- rolled stock or tubes which do not meet the requirements of the specifications shall be rejected.

2.如果草莓视频下载免费分析的原始測試失敗，則應重新測試兩段額外的扁鋼或管材。對於所討論的元件，兩次重新測試都應符合規範的要求；否則，該爐或批次（注2）中的所有剩餘材料應被拒收，或者根據草莓福利视频商的選擇，每段扁平軋製材料或管材都可以單獨進行驗收測試。不符合規範要求的扁鋼或管材長度應被拒收.。

Mechanical Property of ASTM A178 ASTM A178的機械性能

Grade C & Grade D tubes shall conform to the requirements -tensile properties prescribed below   C級和D級管應符合以下規定的拉伸性能要求

Outside diameter and Wall Thickness Tolerance of ASTM A178/A178M

 ASTM A178/A178M的外徑和壁厚公差

Referenced Documents 參考文件

• A450/A450M Specification for General Requirements for Carbon,Ferritic Alloy,and Austenitic Alloy steel tubes.
• A450/A450M碳、鐵素體合金和奧氏體合金鋼管的一般要求規範。
• E213 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal pipe and tubing.
• E213金屬管道超聲波檢驗規程。
• E273 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Longitudinal Welded Pipe and Tubing.
• E273縱向焊接管道超聲波檢驗規程。

A450/A450M

ASTM A450 covers carbon and low alloy steel tube. Steel samples shall be melt processed and shall either be ingot cast or strand cast. Heat and product analyses shall be performed on the steel materials. Steel specimens shall also undergo tensile tests and shall conform to required values of yield strength and elongation. Flattening test, reverse flattening test, flaring test, flange test, hardness test, hydrostatic test, air underwater pressure test, and nondestructive tests shall be performed on the steel materials.

ASTM A450涵蓋了碳和低合金鋼管。鋼樣應進行熔融處理，並應為鑄錠或鑄坯。應對鋼材進行熱分析和草莓视频下载免费分析。鋼試樣還應進行拉伸試驗，並應符合屈服強度和伸長率的要求值。鋼材應進行壓扁試驗、反向壓扁試驗、擴口試驗、法蘭試驗、硬度試驗、水壓試驗、空氣水下壓力試驗和無損檢測。

Manufacturing Process製造工藝

Heat treatment: 熱處理：

After welding,all tubes shall be heat treated at a temperature of 1650°F(900℃) or higher and followed by cooling in air or in the cooling chamber of a controlled-atmosphere furnace,Cold-drawn tubes shall be heat treated after the final cold-draw pass at a temperature of 1200°F(650℃)or higher.

焊接後，所有管子應在1650°F（900℃）或更高的溫度下進行熱處理，然後在空氣中或可控氣氛家具的冷卻室中冷卻。冷拔管應在最終冷拔道次後在1200°F（650℃）或以上的溫度下熱處理。

Surface Condition:表麵狀況:

Finished tubes shall be free of scale,A slight amount of oxidation will not be considered as scale.成品管應無水垢，少量氧化不會被視為水垢。

Mechanical Tests Required: 所需的機械測試：

Flattenting Test/Flaring test/Flange test/Crush test/Tension test/Reverse Flattening test/Hydrostatic or Nondestructive Electric Test壓扁試驗/擴口試驗/法蘭試驗/壓碎試驗/拉伸試驗/反向壓扁試驗/靜水壓或無損電氣試驗

Usage使用

Used in boiler, superheater, heat-exchanger and pressure equipment in Petrochemical factory, Refinery factory, sugar mill, power plant, power plant, shipbuilding.

用於石油化工廠、煉油廠、糖廠、發電廠、電廠、船舶的鍋爐、過熱器、換熱器和壓力設備。

Manufacture & Heat Treatment 製造和熱處理

The ASTM A178 Grade D steel shall be killed. ASTM A178 tubes shall be made by electric-resistance welding process. After welding, all tubes shall be heat treated at a temperature of 1650°F [900°C] or higher and followed by cooling in air or in the cooling chamber of a controlled-atmosphere furnace. Cold-drawn tubes shall be heat treated after the final cold-draw pass at a temperature of 1200°F [650°F] or higher.

應殺死ASTM A178 D級鋼。ASTM A178管材應采用電阻焊接工藝製造。焊接後，所有管子應在1650°F[900°C]或更高的溫度下進行熱處理，然後在空氣中或可控氣氛家具的冷卻室中冷卻。冷拔管應在最終冷拔道次後在1200°F[650°F]或更高的溫度下進行熱處理。

Testing & Inspection測試和檢驗

ERW tubes made from ASTM A178 steel may be tested or inspected in the following ways covering crush test, flattening test, flange test, tension test, reverse tension test, hydrostatic test, nondestructive electric test, dimension inspection, visual examination, as well as ultrasonic inspection.

ASTM A178鋼製成的ERW管可以通過以下方式進行測試或檢查，包括壓碎試驗、壓扁試驗、法蘭試驗、拉伸試驗、反向拉伸試驗、水壓試驗、無損電氣試驗、尺寸檢查、目視檢查以及超聲波檢查。

Material Comparison Tables (ASTM ℃KS, JIS, DIN, BS, NBN, NF, UNI)

材料對照表（ASTM℃KS、JIS、DIN、BS、NBN、NF、UNI）

A 178 C-Steel Electric-Resistance-Welded Boiler Tubes 178 C鋼電阻焊鍋爐管